I’d say https://keepassxc.org/ covers all of your needs except the “Can be accessed via a browser” (Autofill works fine with a browser plugin)

I am on android rn but at least in europe, apple is forced to allow 3rd party appstores soon which was the main dealbreaker for me. Their ui + cross device integration is very nice. Hopefully they are going to release a foldable soon! Handwriting apps are much more polished on iPads than on Android.